care giver or caregiver (be consistent)

care-giver

Chi² statistic

Chi² test

Chi-squared test or statistic

Chi-square test or statistic

χ² statistic

controlled before-after studies

controlled before after studies

cross-over study/trial

cross over study/trial or crossover study/trial

double-blind

Note: also single-blind, triple-blind

double blind

Note: also single blind, triple blind

dropout

Note: the verb form is 'drop out’ without hyphenation

drop-out

drop out

e-learning

Note: at start of sentence use 'E-learning'

elearning

e learning

end point or endpoint

Note: 'time point' should be written as two separate words (see below)

end-point

evidence base

evidence-based

evidence-base

evidence based

false negative, false positive, true negative, true positive (when used as nouns)

e.g. the result was a false positive

false-positive, false-negative, true-negative, true-positive (when used as adjectives)

e.g. a false-positive result

— 

fixed-effect model

Note: compared with random-effects model

Note: there is also a fixed-effects model (i.e. when the pool of studies is assumed to be fixed and only provides an estimate of the average of the effects of just these studies, without aiming at generalization to future studies), but this would rarely be appropriate for a Cochrane Review. If used it should be clearly indicated to avoid being changed to fixed-effect model.

fixed effect model
fixed-effects model

follow up (verb) or follow-up (adjective or noun)

e.g. 'Seven participants were followed up for 10 days.' (verb)

e.g. 'The follow-up period was 10 weeks.' (adjective)

e.g. 'The follow-up was shorter than expected.' (noun)

—

forest plot

forrest plot

More recently, GRADE assessments refer to ‘certainty’, rather than ‘quality’. Use the terminology consistent with the GRADE guidance of software you are using, and in summary of findings tables, use the corresponding wording for the grades of evidence (see below).

For certainty:

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect.
Moderate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different.
Low certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect.
Very low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect.

For quality:

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence
High quality: further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: we are very uncertain about the estimate.

Note: for further information, see The GRADE Working Group clarifies the construct of certainty of evidence.

See also: Handbook version 6, chapter 14.

'Gram' should be capitalized and not hyphenated when used as Gram stain; gram negative and gram positive should be lowercase and only hyphenated when used as a unit modifier.

e.g. Gram staining

e.g. the bacteria were gram negative

e.g. gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

gram positive and gram negative bacteria

gram staining showed ...

handsearch

e.g. We handsearched three journals.

e.g. The handsearching process ...

hand search
hand-search

hand washing

Note: present as two words unless being used to modify a noun.

e.g. The studies investigated hand washing for prevention of infections.

e.g. The studies investigated hand-washing promotion for prevention of infections.

The studies investigated handwashing.

The studies investigated hand-washing.

The studies investigated handwashing promotion.

The studies investigated hand washing promotion.

health care (noun) or healthcare (adjective)

e.g. healthcare professionals (adjective)

e.g. important aspect of health care (noun)

—

I² statistic

I-squared statistic
I-square statistic
I² test

intention-to-treat analysis

intention to treat analysis

internet

Internet

low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries
 

Note: see the classifications of all countries according to their economies on the World Bank website

developing countries
developed countries

multiple-drug resistance
multiple-drug resistant

multidrug resistance
multidrug resistant

number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome

number-needed-to-treat-for-an-additional-beneficial-outcome

number needed to treat to benefit

number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome

number-needed-to-treat-for-an-additional-harmful-outcome

number needed to treat to harm

online

on-line
on line

open-label

open label

participant or person; participants or people

Note: use participant (for people participating in any trials/studies mentioned in the review) or person instead of subject or patient, unless it changes the meaning of the text (e.g. people with ulcers rather than patients with ulcers). If trials are exclusively concerned with a single population such as children or women, use children or women instead of participants.

—

per cent

Note: see also Guidance on usage and presentation of commonly used symbols

percent

PICO: broadly speaking, PICO stands for 'population, intervention(s), comparison(s) and outcomes', but there is no standard definition. For example, the 'P' can stand for 'participants', 'population' or 'problem', and the 'C' for 'control', 'comparator' or 'comparison(s)'.  

preoperative

perioperative

postoperative

pre-operative or pre operative

peri-operative or peri operative

post-operative or post operative

quality:

low-quality (adjective)

moderate-quality (adjective)

high-quality  (adjective)

e.g. high-quality evidence

low quality (adjective)

moderate quality (adjective)

high quality  (adjective)

random-effects model

random effects model
random-effect model

regimen

regime

risk of bias

e.g. We assessed the risk of bias in the included studies using RoB 2.

e.g. We assessed the risk of bias in the included studies using RoB 1.

risk of bias assessment

risk of bias table

Note: For more about the names of Cochrane risk of bias tools, see Names specific to Cochrane.

‘risk of bias’

Risk of bias

risk-of-bias assessment

Risk of Bias Table

short-term or long-term (adjective)

e.g. short-term follow-up was three months

short term or long term (noun)

e.g. outcomes that occurred in the short term

 —

summary of findings table

summary-of-findings table

Summary of findings table

'summary of findings’ table

SoF table

subgroup

sub-group
sub group

Tau²

Tau-squared
Tau-square
Tau² statistic
Tau² test
T²
τ²

text word

textword

time point

timepoint

time-point

time-to-event analysis/data

time to event analysis/data

wait list or wait-list control (US English)

waiting list or waiting-list control (UK English)

waitlist, wait list control

waiting-list, waiting list control

website

web site

well-being

well being

wellbeing

white (adjective)

e.g. The white participants …

See also: ethnic group names

white (noun)

World Wide Web

world wide web